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Date: April 29, 2024 Mon
Time: 8:08 pm
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Results for ethnic minorities
8 results foundAuthor: Rogowski, Jon C. Title: The Policing of Black Communities and Young People of Color Summary: Eighteen-year-old Michael Brown's murder by a police officer in Ferguson, Missouri has focused the nation's attention on racial disparities in the law enforcement system. Brown's case is not an isolated incident. Along with Brown, the cases of Trayvon Martin and Jordan Davis in Florida and, more recently, Eric Garner in New York and Ezell Ford in Los Angeles, all tell stories of how unarmed Black men became victims of police forces charged with serving and protecting their communities and are then denied justice by the legal system. Since Michael Brown's death, the media have focused on racial tensions among residents of Ferguson. It is important, however, to note that the tension between police forces and Black communities is nothing new, nor is it confined to Ferguson, Missouri. Instead, the Michael Brown tragedy and those like it are indicators of systemic injustices that have resulted in long-standing tensions between law enforcement and the Black community. In this report, we use data from several national public opinion surveys to show that Black communities - especially Black youth under 30 years of age - across the country hold considerably more negative views toward the legal system and the police compared with other groups and they have done so for many years. This is not a new phenomenon. Our main findings are as follows: - Black youth report the highest rate of harassment by the police (54.4%), nearly twice the rates of other young people. - Less than half of Black youth (44.2 percent) trust the police, compared with 71.5 percent of white youth, 59.6 percent of Latino youth, and 76.1 percent of Asian American youth. - Substantially fewer Black youth believe the police in their neighborhood are there to protect them (66.1 percent) compared to young people from other racial and ethnic groups. - Fewer Black youth believe the legal system treats all youth equally (26.8 percent) than young people in other racial and ethnic groups. - Fewer Black youth feel that they are full and equal citizens under the law (60.2 percent) compared with white (70.9 percent) and Latino (64.1 percent) youth. Details: Chicago: Black Youth Project, University of Chicago, Center for the Study of Race, Politics and Culture, 2014. 7p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 20, 2015 at: http://www.blackyouthproject.com/files/2014/08/ferguson.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://www.blackyouthproject.com/files/2014/08/ferguson.pdf Shelf Number: 135729 Keywords: Ethnic MinoritiesMinority YouthPolice-Community RelationsRacial Disparities |
Author: AMES Australia Title: Violence against women in CALD communities. Understandings and actions to prevent violence against women in CALD communities Summary: The problem of violence against women (VAW) was first raised by the Australian women's movement in the 1970s. Due largely to those efforts it has now been accepted as a key public policy concern in Australia. To date the focus has been on establishing service systems designed to respond to the needs of women who have experienced violence and to prevent violence from reoccurring. While the potential to prevent the problem in the first place has been well understood, until recently this has been an aspirational goal. However, given both the continuing prevalence of the problem and its serious health, social and economic consequences, there is increasing recognition of the need to turn attention to preventing violence against women (PVAW) before it occurs. There is now a broad consensus among women's services, governments, non-government organisations and community leaders that VAW is serious and unacceptable, and that prevention of this violence requires a continuum of interlinked and interdependent approaches. These include responses to women affected by violence to limit its consequences and prevent violence from reoccurring, intervening early with high-risk individuals, and efforts to prevent violence from occurring in the first place. The latter - preventing violence before it occurs (sometimes referred to as primary prevention) is the focus of this report. Australia's commitment to PVAW is encapsulated in the National plan to prevent violence against women and their children 2010-2022 (the National Plan), to which all state and territory governments are signatories. Australia was the first country to develop a comprehensive approach to PVAW, with the Australian Government establishing two new centres to support the implementation of this plan: Our Watch and Australia's National Research Organisation for Women's Safety (ANROWS). Progress is being monitored through a range of mechanisms including the Personal Safety Survey (PSS), designed to monitor the experience of violence, and the National Community Attitudes towards Violence Against Women Survey (NCAS), designed to gauge the extent of cultural support for violence and the factors underpinning it in the Australian community. To date, action to PVAW has focused largely on the community as a whole, with minimal attention being paid to addressing factors relevant to particular groups. The risk of such "universal" approaches - when not accompanied by efforts to tailor strategies to the needs and contexts of particular groups - is that the gains made in prevention may not be shared equally In the development of the National Plan, two challenges were identified. The first of these was the need to strengthen commitment to the primary prevention of VAW. The second was ensuring that efforts in primary prevention are extended to meet the needs of specific sub-populations, including culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) communities. Almost half of Australians were either born overseas or have at least one parent born overseas (ABS 2013a). We are a nation proud of our cultural diversity and have developed legislation and policies to ensure that all citizens are provided with equal opportunities, rights and entitlements. Among these is the right of women to live free from violence and the fear of violence. Extending efforts to PVAW in CALD communities is critical to ensuring that this right is realised. This document summarises the outcomes of a project focusing on the primary prevention of VAW in CALD communities. Based on community consultation and research it identifies issues that need to be considered when working with CALD communities to PVAW and recommends future actions for consideration. Details: Melbourne: AMES Australia, 2017. 28p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 4, 2017 at: https://www.ames.net.au/files/file/Research/20832%20AMES%20Actions%20Report%20Web.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Australia URL: https://www.ames.net.au/files/file/Research/20832%20AMES%20Actions%20Report%20Web.pdf Shelf Number: 141341 Keywords: Domestic ViolenceEthnic MinoritiesFamily ViolenceImmigrantsIntimate Partner ViolenceViolence Against Women |
Author: Haapanen, Rudy Title: Understanding Ethnic Disparities in Juvenile Probation: What Affects Decisions? Summary: Ethnic disparities in juvenile justice system (JJS) involvement are well-documented and have been reported as persistent despite decades of effort. It has also been argued that JJS involvement does more harm than good, translating as continual and ongoing disadvantage for ethnic minorities. Although the evidence for ethnic bias in community corrections is equivocal and there are those who hold a more positive view of community corrections, any disparities are still a cause for concern. The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) solicited research focused on two of the primary research and evaluation objectives: - Decision-making at disposition decision points impacting Hispanic/Latino youth, including disproportionate entry and deeper involvement in the juvenile justice system and/or transfer to the adult criminal justice system. - Disproportionate use of secure detention, which includes adult jails and lockups, and placement for Hispanic/Latino youth. The proposal for this study, like the solicitation itself, assumed that disparities exist, and argued that understanding the basis for disparities in a county - and therefore the potential for system change to reduce disparities-requires an understanding of the factors that govern decision making other than current offense, such as the dispositional alternatives available in a particular setting and the characteristics of youth in relation to the alternatives. The present study, however, was not limited to issues involving Hispanic/Latino youth. The data provided the ability to assess possible disparities for Blacks as well, and the analysis and results are presented for the three major ethnic groups in California (White, Black and Latino), with other groups combined into a fourth category. Details: Davis, CA: University of California at Davis, 2016. 93p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 28, 2017 at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/grants/250802.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/grants/250802.pdf Shelf Number: 146437 Keywords: Decision MakingDisproportionate Minority Confinement Ethnic MinoritiesHispanic YouthJuvenile DetentionJuvenile OffendersJuvenile ProbationLatinosRacial Disparities |
Author: European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) Title: Second European Union Minorities and Discrimination Survey. Muslims - Selected Findings Summary: Muslims living in the EU face discrimination in a broad range of settings - and particularly when looking for work, on the job, and when trying to access public or private services. The report examines how characteristics - such as an individual's first and last name, skin colour and the wearing of visible religious symbols like a headscarf, for example - may trigger discriminatory treatment and harassment. These are just some of the findings outlined in this report, which examines the experiences of more than 10,500 Muslim immigrants and descendants of Muslim immigrants in 15 EU Member States. In addition to discrimination - including police stops based on ethnic background - it explores issues ranging from citizenship, trust and tolerance, through harassment, violence and hate crime, to rights awareness. The report is based on data collected in FRA's second European Union Minorities and Discrimination Survey, which surveyed around 26,000 people with immigrant or ethnic minority backgrounds living in the EU. It provides a unique insight into the experiences and perceptions of the EU's second largest religious group, representing about 4 % of the EU's total population. Taken together, the survey findings and the recommendations can provide a good basis to support the effectiveness of a wide range of measures in the areas of integration and non-discrimination, as well as internal security policy. Details: Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2017. 70p. Source: Internet Resource: EU-MIDIS II: Accessed October 4, 2017 at: http://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2017/eumidis-ii-muslims-selected-findings Year: 2017 Country: Europe URL: http://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2017/eumidis-ii-muslims-selected-findings Shelf Number: 147543 Keywords: Discrimination Ethnic MinoritiesHarassment Hate Crimes Muslims |
Author: European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) Title: Second European Union Minorities and Discrimination Survey (EU-MIDIS II) Roma - Selected findings Summary: Highlighting persisting barriers to employment, education, housing and health services, this report also reveals that four out of 10 Roma surveyed felt discriminated against at least once in the past five years - yet only a fraction pursued the incident. While sobering, this report presents vital information that can serve as a unique resource for policymakers committed to ensuring that Roma are treated equally with respect to their fundamental rights. The report is based on a survey that collected information on almost 34,000 persons living in Roma households in nine European Union (EU) Member States, derived from nearly 8,000 face-to-face interviews with Roma. It presents a selection of results from FRA's Second European Union Minorities and Discrimination Survey (EU-MIDIS II), which surveyed around 26,000 people with immigrant or ethnic minority background living in the EU. The European Union Minorities and Discrimination Survey is a major part of the agency's commitment to collecting and publishing data on groups not covered in general population surveys. It is the third survey of the agency to focus on Roma. Details: Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2016. 52p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 5, 2017 at: http://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2016/eumidis-ii-roma-selected-findings Year: 2016 Country: Europe URL: http://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2016/eumidis-ii-roma-selected-findings Shelf Number: 147560 Keywords: Discrimination Ethnic MinoritiesHarassment Hate CrimesRoma |
Author: Keown, Leslie-Anne Title: Ethnocultural Offenders: An Initial Investigation of Social History Variables at Intake Summary: Little research specific to federally-sentenced ethnocultural offenders exists and, of what does exist, none has focused on offenders' social history. Social history - which refers to experiences of the individual, family, or community, and can also include intergenerational impacts of earlier experiences - has been recognized as important in judicial and correctional decision-making and offender management. The current study aimed to begin to explore the issue of social history among ethnocultural offenders by leveraging readily-available data on life experiences and pre-incarceration background collected as part of the offender intake process. Data were available for 725 ethnocultural offenders in eight areas: criminal history, community functioning, education and employment, attitudes, associates, substance use, marital and family, and personal/emotional. Of the ethnocultural offenders, about half were Black and the remainder were categorized as East / South East Asian, Arab / West Asian, Hispanic / Latin, South Asian, and "other". In order to contextualize findings specific to ethnocultural offenders, results were also provided for 2,643 White and 945 Aboriginal offenders. Results were also presented by ethnocultural subgroup. In situating findings, it is important to note that there was as much variability within the ethnocultural population as across groups. That said, differences did emerge between the groups. In particular, ethnocultural offenders had less extensive prior criminal histories and were much less likely to be identified as having problematic substance use patterns than White and Aboriginal offenders. Taken together with results from previous research that ethnocultural offenders tend to be assessed as presenting lower levels of risk and criminogenic need, these results suggest that ethnocultural offenders may have less established criminality than their White and Aboriginal counterparts. Results also suggested that the areas where ethnocultural offenders might most benefit from intervention may differ from those most pertinent for White and Aboriginal offenders. For instance, the rate of suspected gang affiliation among ethnocultural offenders was about twice that of White offenders while, as mentioned, rates of problematic substance were much lower among ethnocultural offenders. Overall, the present study was among only a handful to-date to examine ethnocultural federally-sentenced offenders, and was perhaps the first to comprehensively examine previous life experiences and pre-incarceration background. As such, it contributes importantly to our understanding of this population and to our understanding of the possible role of social history factors in ethnocultural offenders' criminal offending. In addition to simply increasing knowledge, the study may also act as a spring-board in eliciting discussions and information sharing regarding both individual offenders' life experiences and possible reasons for the differences between ethnocultural, White, and Aboriginal offenders. Details: Ottawa: Correctional Service of Canada, 2015. 43p. Source: Internet Resource: 2015 No. R-362: Accessed November 17, 2017 at: http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2017/scc-csc/PS83-3-362-eng.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Canada URL: http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2017/scc-csc/PS83-3-362-eng.pdf Shelf Number: 148212 Keywords: Aboriginal OffendersEthnic MinoritiesLife HistoriesMinority OffendersOffender ManagementOffender Supervision |
Author: Shingler, Jo Title: The effectiveness of rehabilitative services for Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic people: a rapid evidence assessment Summary: To provide effective criminal justice services that respect diversity, it is vital to establish what evidence exists about how to achieve the best outcomes for people in prison or on probation, who are Black, Asian or Minority Ethnic (BAME). A rapid evidence assessment (REA) was conducted to explore the research evidence looking at the effectiveness of rehabilitative correctional interventions in reducing reoffending or substance misuse, among BAME people. In addition, the review also considered those factors that affect how people in these groups respond to these interventions, in custodial or community correctional settings. A previous internal literature review carried out by HM Prison and Probation Service (unpublished, 2012) revealed a lack of empirical evidence about the efficacy of rehabilitative interventions aimed at reducing reoffending, for people who are BAME. This REA updates that review, and expands its scope to explore the wider research literature on factors impacting BAME individuals' response to rehabilitative programmes aimed at reducing reoffending. REA methodology was employed to search a range of databases. The review focused on a range of populations both in prison and in the community. The target population included men, women, young adults (including those under the age of 18) and populations of any ethnic background or grouping. It is important to note that defining BAME in this way results in a large, indiscriminate and heterogeneous group, which makes it challenging to draw any meaningful conclusions about improving the responsivity of correctional programming. However, it was necessary to include the diverse population range given the lack of evidence about specific populations, and this highlights the need for much more and better quality research to achieve a more nuanced understanding of what works, with whom and under what conditions. Given the dearth of relevant and high-quality research into the effectiveness of rehabilitative correctional interventions among BAME people, this review included international literature, published in English. Comparability and generalisability of any non-UK studies was carefully considered and presented within the findings of the review. The search process yielded 3,101 studies, of which only 11 were of sufficient relevance and methodological rigour for inclusion. The type and quality of research design was varied. Of the 7 quantitative studies: 1 was a meta-analysis of high quality studies that used control and/or comparison group designs; 4 were randomised control trials; and 2 were studies that compared people from different ethnic groups on factors predicting different responses to treatment (treatment attrition and resistance to treatment). Four studies were qualitative in nature. Five studies were conducted in the UK and 6 were carried out in North America or Canada. The REA indicates there is still insufficient evidence relevant to understanding how to improve outcomes for individuals from a BAME background. However, the research reviewed points to some tentative but promising approaches for increasing the responsivity of correctional programmes to people who are BAME. First, the evidence suggests that the content of 'standard' correctional programmes can be experienced as relevant to BAME participants, and that BAME participants can benefit from such programmes. However, some studies suggest that treatment that is: culturally aware, sensitive and inclusive; that is delivered by culturally aware and sensitive staff; and delivered by staff from similar ethnic backgrounds to their clients is preferred, and is more likely to reduce the chances that potential BAME participants will experience any fear or resistance associated with feeling isolated or misunderstood. Second, there are some barriers to effective treatment for BAME clients that may interfere with them starting, completing or engaging in treatment. Such barriers could include experiences or fear of racism or discrimination, and the perception and possible reality that the intervention will not be culturally relevant. There is early evidence that a strong sense of cultural identity and pride is associated with greater reductions in substance misuse among juveniles. Explicitly recognising and encouraging cultural identity could be a promising approach to facilitating greater responsivity of correctional programmes for people who are BAME. The research is in its infancy, and further work is required to understand and draw firm conclusions about how to improve participation and engagement in, and retention and reoffending outcomes, of BAME individuals in prison and on probation. However, the research reviewed points to some promising approaches which could help achieve this aim: Efforts could be made to make correctional interventions more relevant to BAME groups. Work is needed to increase the number of BAME clients taking up interventions; increase the number of BAME staff members working within interventions; ensure treatment materials are relevant to BAME groups; and doing more to actively engage with and respect cultural experiences and differences. BAME clients need to be facilitated to express their cultural identity free from fear of being stereotyped or discriminated against. Results from the REA indicate that the idea that therapy, or 'treatment', is a predominantly white construct, in some cases with no cultural equivalent. The lack of understanding, recognition or acceptance of this amongst some cultural groups suggests further work is needed. This may usefully include engaging with and raising awareness among some BAME participants and their families about notions of treatment. Future research should aim to evaluate treatment effectiveness on large sub-groups of minority ethnic participants in both custodial and community settings. Alongside this, additional larger scale research to increase understanding about the barriers to interventions for BAME individuals in prison and on probation is necessary, in order to learn how to make correctional interventions more responsive and appealing to individuals from different ethnic groups. Details: London: HM Prison & Probation Service, 2018. 96p. Source: Internet Resource: Ministry of Justice Analytical Series: Accessed July 10, 2018 at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/721977/_the-effectiveness-of-rehabilitative-services-for-BAME.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/721977/_the-effectiveness-of-rehabilitative-services-for-BAME.pdf Shelf Number: 150795 Keywords: Correctional ProgramsEthnic MinoritiesOffender RehabilitationOffender Treatment |
Author: Arooj Title: Faith, Family and Crime: An exploration of Muslim families' involvement with the Criminal Justice System and its impact on their health and social needs Summary: There has been little or no research undertaken either locally or nationally to assess the extent and nature of these aspects or, indeed, to address the specific needs of Muslim offenders' families and the impact of the CJS on their health and social needs. This is also reflected in a recent Ministry of Justice report (Shingler and Pope 2018), which analysed a large number of studies to review the effectiveness of rehabilitative services for Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic people: They found that "the search process yielded 3,101 studies, of which only 11 (below 0.5%) were of sufficient relevance and methodological rigour for inclusion. Similarly, criminological writing about race and ethnicity in the CJS has tended to focus on "trying to explain the over-representation of Black men in the CJS" (Parmar 2016, p. 2), rather than addressing the complex ways in which "race, gender, class and generation interact and enmesh in the context of crime and punishment". This "intersectional" approach to considering the needs of the families concerned provides a useful framework within which to analyse the data collected for this project and through which to identify those findings that highlight where Muslim families have the greatest levels of need. According to the Prison Reform Trust (2017) the number of Muslim prisoners has doubled since 2002 and represents 15% of the current prison population. Muslims are significantly over-represented within the prison population, yet Muslims represent just 4% of the general population in the United Kingdom (Office for National Statistics [ONS] 2016). Reviews and research studies undertaken nationally in the past few years, (such as The Lammy Report, 2017; The Young Review Report, 2014) have highlighted that the problems arising from this over-representation of minority ethnic groups in prisons is far greater amongst certain BAME groups than is reflected in their uptake of support services. The main aims of this research project were: 1. To investigate the extent to which a family member's involvement with the Criminal Justice System (CJS) affects Muslim families and their social and health needs. The areas explored range across: - the attitudes of Muslim families towards offenders/ex-offenders in their household; - some of the barriers faced by Muslim families in accessing mainstream support services; - the role of Muslim families and faith organisations in supporting offenders/ex-offenders. 2. The findings to benefit Muslim families and policy makers through providing an increased understanding of: - how involvement with the CJS affects relationships within the family (nuclear and extended) and the wider community; the underlying issues that affect - different family members (particularly partners and children) and the levels of awareness, amongst Muslim families, of the support services that are available to them. Details: London; Barrow Cadbury Trust; Lancashire, AROOJ, 2018. 42p., ex. summary Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 20, 2018 at: https://www.barrowcadbury.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Arooj-Faith-Family-and-Crime-2.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://www.barrowcadbury.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Arooj-Faith-Family-and-Crime-2.pdf Shelf Number: 153512 Keywords: Ethnic MinoritiesFamilies and CrimeMinorities and CrimeMuslimsReligion and Crime |